下面是小编为大家整理的印度等级制度(全文),供大家参考。
印度等级制度
在印度, 有 80%以上的人信仰印度教。
印度教把人分为高低尊卑 4 种不同的种姓。
不同种姓之间不能通婚, 有的甚至不能在一起吃饭、 同饮一口井里的水。
最高种姓为婆罗门,主要从事文化教育和祭祀; 最低种姓为首陀罗, 从事各种简单的苦力活。
第二和第三种姓分别称为刹帝利和吠舍, 分别从事行政管理、 打仗和经商活动等。
除此之外, 印度教中还有另外一部分人被称为“不可接触者” , 即贱民, 地位最低, 被称为第五种姓。
罗希汗· 拉尔是前几年毕业于印度北方邦库姆恩大学的一名经济学研究生。
毕业后, 他来到印首都新德里打工。
他在一家饭店擦地打扫卫生。
凭他的学历和能力完全可以当一名饭店白领管理人员或财会人员, 然而, 由于他属于第五种姓——贱民, 即“不可接触者” , 不得不干那种又脏又累的活。
印度媒体常有关于青年男女谈恋爱, 仅仅因为种姓不同而活活被打死、 烧死的报道。
普拉卜和吉塔便是其中一例。
他们在一个中学学习, 他们种姓不同, 但共同的兴趣、 爱好把两人紧紧地连在一起。
家长和村民们一再警告和威胁他们, 要他们尽快分手, 以免酿成悲剧, 但他们还是偷偷结了婚, 一起逃离家乡 。
村民们为他们的叛逆而恼怒。
于是, 村里派了 一大批强壮打手到处寻找, 终于从外邦一个偏僻的地方找到了他们。
这对年轻人被强行捆绑, 押送回乡。
愤怒的家长和村民们手拿石块纷纷向他们砸去, 一对有情人就这样死在了 乡 亲的手下。
印低种姓人民为了改变其受歧视的地位, 先后进行过多次反抗斗争。
1931 年, 印度国父圣雄甘地为争取改善“贱民” 权利曾展开过绝食斗争。
1947 年, 印独立后, 政府为改善低种姓地位和生活状况做了 大量工作。1948 年国会曾通过一项废除种姓制度的议案。
后来, 在宪法中也作了保护低种姓利益的法律规定。
HINDUISM (The world" s third largest religion)
Hinduism differs from Christianity and other Western religions in that it does not have a single founder,
a specific theological system,
a single system of morality,
or a central religious organization.
It consists of "thousands of different religious groups that have evolved in India since 1500 BCE. " 1 Hinduism has grown to become the world" s third largest religion,
after and .
It claims about 837 million followers - 13% of the world" s population.
2 It is the dominant religion in India,
Nepal,
and among the Tamils in Sri Lanka.
According to the "Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches, " there are about 1. 1 million Hindus in the U. S.
3 The "American Religious Identification Survey" is believed to be more accurate.
4 They estimated smaller number:
766, 000 Hindus in 2001.
Still,
this is a very significant increase from 227, 000 in 1990.
Statistics Canada estimates that there are about 157, 015 Hindus in Canada.
5 Hinduism is generally regarded as the world" s oldest organized religion.
The Indian caste system has been in use for many years.
Still today the values of the caste system are held strongly.
It has kept a sense of order,
and peace among the people.
There are five different levels of the system:
Brahman,
Kshatriya ,
Vaishya,
Shudra,
and Harijans.
Within each of these categories are the actual "castes" or jatis within which people are born,
marry,
and die.
They all have their own place among each other and accept that it is the way to keep society from disintegrating to chaos.
This system has worked well for Indian people and still has a major role in modern India.
T*7iuGS&5h tFQ$4gs DP!3eqCO#1dpBMY0cozLX+bm yKW) 9lxJU(8k vHT*7iuGS%5htFQ$4gsDP!3e qCO#1dpBMY0c ozLX+amyKW) 9lxIU(8kvHT*7 iuGS% 5htFQ$4 grDP! 3eqCOZ1dpBMY0cnzLX+ amyKW ) 9lxIU( 8kvHT*6iuGS%5htEQ$4grDP! 2eqCO Z1dpBMY 0cnzLX+amyKV) 9lxIU(8jvHT *6iuG S%5htEQ $4grDP! 2eqCOZ1dpAMY0cnzL X-amy KV) 9lxI U(8jvHT*6iuGR%5htEQ$4frD P!2eq CNZ1dpA MY0cnzLX-am y KV) 9lwIU(8jv HT&6iuGR%5ht EQ$4frDP!2eq CNZ1dpAMY0bn zLX-a myJV) 9l wIU(8jvHT&6i uGR%5hsEQ$4f rDP#2eqCNZ1d oAMY0bnzLX-amyJV) 9lwIU(7 jvHT&6iuFR%5 hsEQ$3frDP# 2 eqCNZ1doAMY0 bnzLW -amyJV) 9kwIU( 7jvHT& 6iuFR%5hsEQ $3frDP# 2eqBN Z1doAMY+bnzL W -amyJV) 9kwI U(7jvHS&6iuF R%5gsEQ$3frD O #2eqBNZ1doA MY+bnzL W-amx JV) 9kwIU*7jvHS&6itFR%5gs EQ$3frDO#2eq BNZ1coAMY+bnzKW-amxJV) 9k wIU*7jv HS&6i tFR%5gsEQ!3frDO#2epBNZ1c oAMY+bn zKW-a mxJV) 8kwIU*7jvGS&6itFR%4 gsEQ!3f rDO#2 epBNZ1coAMX+bnzKW-alxJV) 8kwIU* 7jvGS& 6itFR%4gsEQ!3frCO#2epBNZ 0coAMX +bnzKW -alxJV) 8kwIT*7jvGS&6htFR %4gsEP !3frCO #2epBNZ0coAMX+bnyKW-alxJ V(8kwIT*7juG S&6htFR%4gsEP! 3frCO#2dpB NZ0coA LX+bny KW-alxJV(8kwIT*7juGS&6ht FR$4gsEP!3fq CO#2dpBNZ0coALX+bnyKW-9l xJV(8kwHT*7juGS&5htFR$4 gsEP!3fqCO#2 dpBNY0co ALX+ bmyKW-9lxJU( 8k wHT*7juGS& 5htFR$4g sDP! 3fqCO#1dpBNY 0coALX+bmyKW -9lxJU(8kwHT *7iuGS&5htFQ $4 gsDP!3fqCO #1dpBNY0cozL X+bmyKW) 9lxJ U( 8kvHT*7iuG S&5htFQ$4gsD P!3eqCO#1dpB MY 0cozLX+bmy KW) 9lxJU (8kv HT*7iuGS%5ht FQ $4grDP!3eq CO#1dpBMY0co zLX+amyKW) 9l xIU(8kvHT*6i uGS%5htF Q$4g rDP!3eqCOZ1d pB MY0cnzLX+a myKV) 9lx IU(8 kvHT*6iuGS%5 htEQ$4grDP! 2 eqCOZ1dp BMY0 cnzLX+amyKV) 9lxIU(8jvHT* 6iuGR%5h tEQ$ 4grDP!2eqCOZ 1d pAMY0cnzLX -amyKV) 9lwIU (8jvHT*6iuGR %5htEQ$4frDP !2eqCNZ1dpAM Y0bnzLX-amyK V ) 9lwI U(8jvHT&6iuGR% 5hs EQ$4frDP! 2eq CNZ 1dpAMY0bn zLX-amyJV ) 9l wIU(7jvHT&6i uG R%5hsEQ$4f rDP#2eqCN Z1d oAMY0bnzLW-a myJV) 9lwIW-9 lxJU(8kwH T*7 juGS&5htFR$4 gsD P! 3fqCO#1 dpBNY0coA LX+ bmyKW-9lxJU(8kwH T*7iuGS &5htFQ$4gsDP!3fqCO#1dpBN Y0cozLX+bmyK W) 9lxJU(8kvHT*7iuGS&5htF Q$4gsDP! 3eqC O#1dpBMY0co z LX+bmyKW) 9lx JU(8k vHT*7iu GS%5htFQ$4g r DP!3eqCO#1dp BMY0cozLX+am yKW) 9lxIU(8k vHT*6iuGS%5h tFQ$4 grDP!3e qCOZ1dpBMY0c nzLX+amyKV) 9 lxIU( 8kvHT*6 iuGS%5htEQ$4 grDP! 2eqCOZ1 dpBMY 0cnzLX+ amyKV) 9lxIU ( 8jvHT*6iuGR% 5htEQ $4grDP! 2eqCOZ1dpAM Y 0cnzLX-amyKV ) 9lwIU(8jvHT *6iuGR%5htEQ$4frDP!2eqCN Z1dpAM Y0bnzL X-amyKV) 9lw I U(8jvHT&6iuG R%5hsEQ$4frD P! 2eqCNZ1dp A MY0bnzLX-amy JV) 9lw IU(7jv HT&6iuGR%5hsEQ$4frDP#2eq CNZ1doAMY0bn zLW-am yJV) 9lwIU(7jvHT&6 iuFR%5h sEQ$3 frDP#2eqCNZ1 d oAMY0bnzLW- amyJV) 9kwIU( 7jvHS&6iuFR% 5hsEQ$3frDP# 2eqBNZ1doAMY +bnzLW-amxJV) 9kwIU(7jvHS &6iuFR %5gsEQ $3frDO#2eqBNZ1coAMY+bnzL W-amxJV ) 9kwI U*7jvHS&6itFR%5gsEQ$3frD O#2eqBN Z1coA MY+bnzKW-amxJV) 8kwIU*7jv HS&6itFR%5gs EQ! 3frDO#2epBNZ1coAMX+bn zKW-am xJV) 8k wIU*7jvGS&6itFR%4gsEQ!3f rCO#2epBNZ1c oAMX+bnzKW-a lxJV) 8kwIT*7 jvGS&6itFR%4 gsEQ!3frCO#2 epBNZ0coAMX+ bnyKW- alxJV) 8kwIT*7jvGS&6htFR%4gsEP! 3frCO# 2dpBNZ 0coAMX+bnyKW-alxJV(8kwIT *7juGS&6htFR %4gsEP!3frCO#2dpBNZ0coAL X+bnyKW-9lxJV(8kwIT*7ju G S&6htFR$4gs EP!3fqC O#2dp BNY0coALX+bn y KW-9lxJV(8k wHT*7juG S&5h tFR$4gsDP!3f qCO#2dpBNY0c oALX+bmyKW-9 lxJU(8kwHT*7 juGS&5htFR$4 gsDP!3fqCO#1 dpBNY0cozLX+ bmyKW-9lxJU( 8kwHT*7iuGS& 5htFQ$4gsDP! 3eqCO#1dpBNY 0cozLX+ bmyKW ) 9lxJU(8kvHT * 7iuGS%5htFQ $4gsDP!3eqCO #1dpBMY0cozL X +amyKW) 9lxJ U(8kvHT*7iuG S%5htFQ$4grD P !3eqCOZ1dpB MY0cozL X+amy KW) 9lxIU(8kv H T*6iuGS%5ht EQ$4grD P! 3es EQ!3frDO#2ep B NZ1coAMX+bn zKW-alx JV) 8k wIT*7jvGS&6i tFR%4gsEQ!3f rCO#2ep BNZ0c oAMX+bnyKW-a lxJV) 8kwIT*7 jvGS&6h tFR%4 gsEP! 3frCO#2 d pBNZ0 coAMX+bnyKW-a lxJV (8kwIT*7juGS &6htFR%4gsEP !3frCO#2dpBN Z0coALX+bnyK W- 9lxJV(8kwI T*7juGS& 6htF R$4gsEP!3fqC O#2dpBNY0coA LX+bnyKW-9lx JV(8kwHT*7ju GS& 5htFR$4gs DP! 3fqCO# 2dp BNY0coALX+bm yK W-9lxJU(8k wHT*7juGS&5h tFR$4gsDP!3f qCO#1dpBNY0c ozLX+bmyKW-9lxJU(8kwH T*7iuGS &5htFQ$4gsDP!3eqCO#1dpBN Y0cozLX+bmyK W) 9lxJU(8kvHT*7iuGS&5htF Q$4gsDP! 3eqC O#1dpBMY0cozLX+amyKW) 9lx JU(8k vHT*7iu GS%5htFQ$4grDP!3eqCOZ1dp BMY0cozLX+am yKW) 9lxIU(8kvHT*6iuGS%5h tEQ$4 grDP!3e qCOZ1dpBMY0cnzLX+amyKV) 9 lxIU( 8kvHT*6 iuGS%5htEQ$4grDP! 2eqCOZ1 dpAMY 0cnzLX+ amyKV) 9lxIU(8jvHT*6iuGR% 5htEQ $4frDP! 2eqCOZ1dpAMY0cnzLX-amyKV ) 9lwIU(8jvHT &6iuGR%5htE Q $4frDR%4gsEP ! 3frC O#2dpBN Z0coALX+bny K W-9lxJV(8kwI T*7juG S&6htF R$4gsEP!3fqCO#2dpBNY0coA LX+bny KW-9lx JV(8kwHT*7juGS&5htFR$4gs DP!3f qCO#2dp BNY0co ALX+bmyKW-9lxJU(8 kwHT*7juGS&5 htFR$4gsDP!3fqCO#1dpBNY0 cozLX+ bmyKW- 9lxJU(8kwHT*7iuGS&5htFQ$ 4gsDP!3eqCO# 1dpBNY0cozLX+bmyKW) 9lxJU (8kvHT*7iuGS &5htFQ$4gsDP! 3eqCO#1dpBM Y0cozLX +amyK W) 9lxJU(8kvHT*7iuGS%5htF Q$4grDP !3eqC OZ1dpBMY0coz L X+amyKW) 9lx IU(8kvH T*6iu GS%5htEQ$4gr D P!3eqCOZ1dp BMY0cnzLX+am yKV) 9lxIU(8k v HT*6iuGS%5h tEQ$4gr DP! 2e qCOZ1dpAMY0cnzLX+amyKV) 9 lxIU(8jvHT*6 iuGR%5htEQ$4frDP!2eqCOZ1 dpAMY0cnzLX- amyKV) 9lwIU(8jvHT&6iuGR% 5htEQ$4 frDP! 2eqCNZ1dpAMY0bnzLX-amyKV ) 9lwIU (8jvHT &6iuGR%5hsEQ$4frDP#2eqCN Z1dpAMY0bnzLX-amyJV) 9lw IU(7jvHT&6iu FR%5hsE Q$4fr DP#2eqCNZ1do A MY0bnzLW-ao ALX+bmyK W-9l xJU(8kwHT*7j u GS&5htFR$4g sDP! 3fqCO#1d pBNY0cozLX+b myKW-9lxJU(8 kwHT*7iu GS&5 htFQ$4gsDP!3 eqCO#1dpBNY0 cozLX+bm yKW) 9lxJU(8kvHT* 7iuGS&5htFQ$ 4gsDP!3eqCO# 1dpBMY0cozLX + amyKW) 9lxJU (8kvHT*7iuGS %5htFQ$4grDP !3eqCOZ1dpBM Y0cozLX+ amyK W) 9lxIU(8kvH T *6iuGS%5htE Q$4grDP!3eqC OZ1dpBMY0cnz L X+amyKV) 9lx IU(8kvHT *6iu GS%5htEQ$4gr DP ! 2eqCOZ1dp AMY0cnzL X+am yKV) 9lxIU(8j vH T*6iuGR%5h tEQ$4frD P!2e qCOZ1dpAMY0c nzLX-amyKV) 9 lwIU(8jv HT*6 iuGR%5htEQ$4 f rDP!2 eqCNZ1dpAMY0bnzLX -amyKV) 9lwIU (8jvHT&6iuGR %5hsEQ$4f rDP #2eqCNZ1dpAM Y0bnzLX-amyJ V) 9lwIU( 7jvH T&6iuFR%5hsE Q$4frDP#2eqC NZ1doAMY0bnz LW-amyJV) 9lw IU (7jvHT&6iu FR%5hsEQ $3fr DP#2eqBNZ1do AM Y0bnBNY